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Lunar orbital space station under development

Gateway
GATEWAY (Moon Space Station).png

An illustration of the Gateway'southward Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) and Dwelling and Logistics Outpost (HALO) in orbit around the Moon in 2024.
NASA Artemis Gateway logo.png
Station statistics
Crew 4 (planned)
Launch November 2024 (planned)[ane]
Carrier rocket Falcon Heavy
SLS Block 1B
Launch pad Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39
  • LC-39A
  • LC-39B
Mission condition In development
Pressurised volume ≥125 thou3 (4,400 cu ft) (planned)[2]
Periselene distance 3,000 km (1,900 mi)[3]
Aposelene altitude 70,000 km (43,000 mi)
Orbital inclination Polar near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO)
Orbital flow ≈seven days
Configuration
Gateway-configuration-20180705.jpg

Although not the final configuration, this infographic shows the electric current lineup of parts that will compose the Gateway.

 US modules

 International modules

 TBD: The states and/or international modules

The Lunar Gateway, or simply Gateway, is a planned small space station in lunar orbit intended to serve as a solar-powered communication hub, science laboratory, short-term habitation module for government-agency astronauts, besides as a holding surface area for rovers and other robots. It is a multinational collaborative project involving four of the International Space Station partner agencies: NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), Nihon Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and Canadian Space Agency (CSA). It is planned to be both the first space station beyond low World orbit and the first infinite station to orbit the Moon.[4] [v]

Formerly known as the Deep Space Gateway (DSG), the station was renamed Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway (LOP-Thou) in NASA's 2018 proposal for the 2019 United states federal upkeep.[6] [vii] When the budgeting process was complete[ when? ], US$332 million had been committed by Congress to preliminary studies.[ clarification needed ] [8] [ix] [10]

The scientific discipline disciplines to be studied on the Gateway are expected to include planetary scientific discipline, astrophysics, Earth observation, heliophysics, fundamental space biology, and human being health and performance.[eleven] Construction is planned to have place in the 2020s.[12] [13] [14] The International Infinite Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG), which is composed of more than than 14 infinite agencies including all major ones, has concluded that Gateway volition exist critical in expanding a human presence to the Moon, Mars, and deeper into the Solar Organisation.[15]

The project is expected to play a major role in NASA's Artemis program, after 2024. While the project is led by NASA, the Gateway is meant to be adult, serviced, and utilized in collaboration with the CSA, ESA, JAXA, and commercial partners. It volition serve as the staging point for both robotic and crewed exploration of the lunar southward pole, and is the proposed staging point for NASA's Deep Infinite Ship concept for transport to Mars.[16] [12] [17]

History [edit]

Studies [edit]

An earlier NASA proposal for a cislunar station had been made public in 2012 and was dubbed the Deep Space Habitat. That proposal had led to funding in 2015 under the NextSTEP plan to study the requirements of deep space habitats.[18] In February 2018, it was announced that the NextSTEP studies and other ISS partner studies would help to guide the capabilities required of the Gateway'due south dwelling house modules.[19] The solar electric Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) of the Gateway was originally a part of the at present-canceled Asteroid Redirect Mission.[20] [21] On 7 November 2017, NASA asked the global science community to submit concepts for scientific studies that could have advantage of the Deep Space Gateway'southward location in cislunar space.[11] The Deep Space Gateway Concept Scientific discipline Workshop was held in Denver, Colorado, from 27 February to 1 March 2018. This three-twenty-four hours conference was a workshop where 196 presentations were given for possible scientific studies that could be advanced through the utilise of the Gateway.[22]

In 2018, NASA initiated the Revolutionary Aerospace Systems Concepts Academic Linkage (RASC-AL) competition for universities to develop concepts and capabilities for the Gateway. The competitors were asked to utilise original technology and analysis in one of four areas; "Gateway Uncrewed Utilization and Operations", "Gateway-Based Man Lunar Surface Access", "Gateway Logistics as a Science Platform", and "Design of a Gateway-Based Cislunar Tug". Teams of undergraduate and graduate students were asked to submit a response by 17 January 2019 addressing one of these iv themes. NASA selected 20 teams to proceed developing proposed concepts. Fourteen of the teams presented their projects in person in June 2019 at the RASC-AL Forum in Cocoa Beach, Florida, receiving a Usa$half dozen,000 stipend to participate in the Forum.[v]"Lunar Exploration and Admission to Polar Regions" from the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez was the winning concept.[23]

NASA unveiled the proper name of the lunar-orbit space station in November 2019, and the Gateway is with its name and logo associated with the American frontier symbol of the St. Louis Gateway Arch.[24]

International participants [edit]

On 27 September 2017, an informal joint statement on cooperation regarding the program between NASA and Russia'due south Roscosmos was appear.[xiv] However, in Oct 2020 Dmitry Rogozin, director general of Roscosmos, said that the program is as well "U.S.-centric" for Roscosmos to participate in,[25] and in January 2021, Roscosmos announced that it would not participate in the programme.[26]

By May 2020, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Bureau (JAXA) all planned to participate in the Gateway projection, contributing a robotic arm, refueling and communications hardware, and habitation and research chapters. Those international elements are intended to launch after the initial NASA PPE and HALO elements are placed into lunar orbit.[27] [ full citation needed ]

Ability and propulsion [edit]

On 1 November 2017, NASA commissioned five studies lasting four months into affordable ways to develop the Ability and Propulsion Element (PPE), leveraging individual companies' plans. These studies had a combined upkeep of US$2.four million. The companies performing the PPE studies were Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Orbital ATK, Sierra Nevada and Space Systems/Loral.[28] [21] These awards are in add-on to the ongoing gear up of NextSTEP-2 awards made in 2016 to study development and make ground prototypes of habitat modules that could exist used on the Gateway likewise as other commercial applications,[17] then the Gateway is probable to contain components adult under NextSTEP as well.[21] [29] The PPE volition apply four 6 kW BHT-6000 Busek Hall-effect thrusters[30] [31] [32] and ii 12.5 kW NASA/Aerojet Rocketdyne Advanced Electric Propulsion Arrangement (AEPS) Hall-effect thrusters for a total engine output fractionally under 50 kW.[33] In 2019, the contract to manufacture the PPE was awarded to Maxar Technologies.[34] Afterward a one-year demonstration menses, NASA would then "exercise a contract option to have over control of the spacecraft".[35] Its expected service time is about 15 years.[36]

Orbit and operations [edit]

The Gateway is planned to be deployed in a highly elliptical seven-24-hour interval near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) around the Moon, which would bring the station within 3,000 km (1,900 mi) of the lunar north pole at closest arroyo and equally far abroad as 70,000 km (43,000 mi) over the lunar south pole.[3] [37] [38] Traveling to and from cislunar infinite (lunar orbit) is intended to develop the knowledge and experience necessary to venture beyond the Moon and into deep space. The proposed NRHO would allow lunar expeditions from the Gateway to reach a low polar orbit with a delta-five of 730 yard/s and a one-half a day of transit time. Orbital station-keeping would require less than ten thou/southward of delta-v per year, and the orbital inclination could be shifted with a relatively small delta-five expenditure, allowing admission to most of the lunar surface. Spacecraft launched from Earth would perform a powered flyby of the Moon (delta-v ≈ 180 m/s) followed past a ≈240 g/s delta-v NRHO insertion burn to dock with the Gateway as it approaches the apoapsis point of its orbit. The full travel time would be 5 days; the render to World would be similar in terms of trip duration and delta-five requirement if the spacecraft spends 11 days at the Gateway. The crewed mission elapsing of 21 days and ≈840 m/s delta-v are limited past the capabilities of the Orion life support and propulsion systems.[39]

1 of the advantages of an NRHO is the minimal amount of communications coma with the Earth.

Gateway will be the first modular space station to be both man-rated, and autonomously operating about of the fourth dimension in its early on years, as well every bit being the kickoff deep-space station, far from low Earth orbit. This volition be enabled by more sophisticated executive control software than on any prior space station, which volition monitor and control all systems. The high-level compages is provided by the Robotics and Intelligence for Human Spaceflight lab at NASA, and implemented at NASA facilities. The Gateway could conceivably also support in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) evolution and testing from lunar and asteroid sources,[40] and would offer the opportunity for gradual buildup of capabilities for more complex missions over time.[41]

Structure [edit]

NASA and Lockheed Martin employees group photograph with one of the Gateway modules training mock-up inside the SSPF.

For supporting the first crewed mission to the station (Artemis iii) planned for 2025, the Gateway volition be a minimalistic mini-space station composed of only ii modules: the Ability and Propulsion Element (PPE) and the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO).[42] [43] Both PPE and HALO will be assembled on Earth and launched together on a Falcon Heavy in November 2024,[1] and they are expected to attain lunar orbit after nine to x months.[44] The iHab module, a contribution from ESA and JAXA is to be launched on the SLS Cake 1B as a comanifested payload on the Artemis 4 crewed Orion mission.[45] All modules volition be connected using the International Docking Organization Standard.[46]

Planned modules [edit]

  • The Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) started development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory during the now canceled Asteroid Redirect Mission. The original concept was a robotic, high performance solar electric spacecraft that would retrieve a multi-ton boulder from an asteroid and bring it to lunar orbit for study.[47] When ARM was canceled, the solar electric propulsion was repurposed for the Gateway.[48] [49] The PPE will allow access to the entire lunar surface and act as a space tug for visiting craft.[34] It volition too serve as the command and communications center of the Gateway.[50] [51] The PPE is intended to accept a mass of 8-9 tons and the capability to generate 50 kW[21] of solar electric ability for its ion thrusters, which can be supplemented by chemical propulsion.[52] In May 2019, Maxar Technologies was contracted by NASA to industry this module, which will also supply the station with electrical power and is based on Maxar'due south 1300 series satellite charabanc. The PPE will utilise Busek 6kW Hall-effect thrusters and NASA Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS) Hall-outcome thrusters.[thirty] [31] [32] Maxar was awarded a firm-stock-still toll contract of U.s.$375 1000000 to build the PPE. NASA is supplying the PPE with an Southward-band communications organization to provide a radio link with nearby vehicles and a passive docking adapter to receive the Gateway'due south hereafter utilization module.[53] NASA awarded a contract of Usa$331.8 million to launch PPE on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy in November 2024 with the HALO module.[1] [54]
  • The Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO),[55] [56] also called the Minimal Habitation Module (MHM) and formerly known as the Utilization Module,[57] will be built by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (NGIS).[42] [58] A unmarried Falcon Heavy will launch HALO in November 2024 along with the PPE module.[1] [54] The HALO is based direct on a Cygnus Cargo resupply module[42] [59] to the exterior of which radial docking ports, torso mounted radiators (BMRs), batteries and communications antennae will be added. The HALO will exist a scaled-downward habitation module,[60] yet it will feature a functional pressurized volume providing sufficient command, control and data handling capabilities, free energy storage and ability distribution, thermal control, communications and tracking capabilities, two axial and up to two radial docking ports, stowage book, environmental control and life support systems to augment the Orion spacecraft and support a crew of four for at to the lowest degree 30 days.[58] On 5 June 2020, Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems was awarded a contract, by NASA, of U.s.$187 1000000 to complete the preliminary pattern of HALO.[61] On 9 July 2021, NASA signed a divide contract with Northrop for the fabrication of the HALO, and for integration with the PPE beingness congenital by Maxar, for US$935 meg.[ane]

  • Thales Alenia Infinite Gateway manufacturing team in front end of their factories in Cannes, France

    The European Organisation Providing Refueling, Infrastructure and Telecommunications (Camaraderie) service module will provide additional xenon and hydrazine capacity, additional communications equipment, and an airlock for science packages.[ii] It will take a mass of approximately 4,000 kg (eight,800 lb), and a length of 3.91 m (12.8 ft).[62] ESA has awarded two parallel blueprint studies one generally led past Airbus in partnership with Comex and OHB[63] and 1 led past Thales Alenia Space.[64] The construction of the module was approved in November 2019.[65] [66] On 14 October 2020, Thales Alenia Space appear that they had been selected by the European Space Bureau (ESA) to build the Esprit module.[67] [68] Early 2021, Thales Alenia Infinite appear effective contract signature.[69] The ESPRIT module will consist of two parts. The first role, called the Halo Lunar Communication System (HLCS) will provide the communications for the mini-station Gateway. It will launch in November 2024 pre-attached to the HALO module, for which Thales has separately been awarded a contract by NASA to construct its hull and micrometeoroid protection. The second role, called the Esprit Refueling Module (ERM), will contain the pressurised fuel tanks, docking ports and small windowed dwelling corridor and launch in 2027.[67] [68]
  • The International Dwelling Module (I-HAB) will exist an additional domicile module built by ESA in collaboration with Japan.[65] Together with the HALO module, they will provide a combined 125 g3 (four,400 cu ft) of habitable volume to the station, after 2024.[2] On 14 October 2020, Thales Alenia Space appear that they had been selected by ESA to build the I-HAB module slated for launch in 2026. The module volition also feature contributions from the other station partners, including a life back up organisation from JAXA, avionics and software from NASA and robotics from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).[67] [68] The module is slated to launch in 2026 on the Artemis 4 mission equally a comanifested payload on the SLS Block 1B along with a crewed Orion spacecraft.[45]

Proposed modules [edit]

Artist'south concept of Lunar Gateway orbiting the Moon. The Orion MPCV is docked on the left.

The concept for the Gateway is all the same evolving, and is intended to include the post-obit modules:[seventy]

  • The Gateway Logistics Modules volition exist used to refuel, resupply and provide logistics on board the mini-space station. The beginning logistics module sent to the Gateway volition also get in with a robotic arm, which will be built by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).[71] [72]
  • The Gateway Airlock Module will be used for performing extravehicular activities outside the mini-space station and would have the docking port for the proposed Deep Space Send.
  • The Canadarm3, a robotic 8.5 m (28 ft) remote manipulator arm, like to the Space Shuttle Canadarm and International Space Station Canadarm2. The arm is to be the contribution of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) to this international endeavor. CSA contracted MDA (MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates) to build the arm. MDA previously congenital Canadarm2, while its one-time subsidiary, Spar Aerospace, built Canadarm.[73] [74] [75] [76]

Construction [edit]

Crewed flights to the Gateway are expected to use Orion and SLS, while other missions are expected to be done by commercial launch providers. In March 2020, NASA announced SpaceX with its future spacecraft Dragon 40 as a get-go commercial partner to deliver supplies to the Gateway (see GLS).[77] The two modules (PPE and HALO) will be launched together on the Falcon Heavy rocket in November 2024.[1] [54]

Twelvemonth Mission objective Mission proper name Launch vehicle Man/robotic elements
November 2024[1] Launch of Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) and Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) Mini-space station Gateway Falcon Heavy Robotic
2025 Delivery of Orion MPCV (with crew, for lunar landing) Artemis 3 SLS Block 1 Crewed
March 2026[78] Delivery of Orion MPCV and I-HAB module[45] Artemis 4 SLS Cake 1B Crewed
2027 Delivery of Orion MPCV and Camaraderie Refueling Module (ERM)[79] Artemis 5 SLS Block 1B Crewed
2028 (Proposed) Delivery of Orion MPCV and logistics module Artemis vi SLS Cake 1B Crewed
2028 (Proposed) Commitment of a Gateway station module Artemis support mission Robotic
2029 (Proposed) Delivery of Orion MPCV and logistics module Artemis 7 SLS Block 1B Crewed

Reactions [edit]

NASA officials promote the Gateway as a "reusable command module" that could directly activities on the lunar surface.[80] However, the Gateway has received both positive and negative reactions from space professionals.

Negative [edit]

Michael D. Griffin, a former NASA ambassador, said that the Gateway could be useful only later in that location are facilities on the Moon producing propellant that could be transported to the Gateway. Griffin thinks that after that is achieved, the Gateway would and so serve as a fuel depot.[80]

Former NASA Associate Administrator Doug Cooke wrote in an article on The Hill stating, "NASA can significantly increment speed, simplicity, cost and probability of mission success past deferring Gateway, leveraging SLS, and reducing critical mission operations". He besides wrote, "NASA should launch the lander elements (ascent and descent/transfer) on a SLS Block 1B. If an independent transfer element is required, it tin be launched on a commercial launcher".[81]

George Abbey, a former director of NASA'southward Johnson Space Center said, "The Gateway is, in essence, building a space station to orbit a natural space station, namely the Moon. [...] If we are going to return the Moon, we should go directly there, not build a space station to orbit it".[82]

Former NASA astronaut Terry W. Virts, who was a pilot of STS-130 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour and commander of the ISS on Expedition 43, wrote in an Op-ed on Ars Technica that the Gateway would "shackle human being exploration, non enable it". He also said, "If we don't have the goal [of Gateway], we are putting the proverbial chicken before the egg by developing "Gemini" earlier we know what "Apollo" will look like. Regardless of a future destination, as someone who lived on the ISS for 200 days, I cannot envision a new engineering science that would be adult or validated by edifice another modular space station. Without a specific goal, we're unlikely to ever identify one". Terry further criticized NASA for abandoning its planned goal of separating coiffure from cargo, which was put in place following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003.[83] Apollo 11 astronaut Fizz Aldrin stated that he is "quite opposed to the Gateway" and that "using the Gateway as a staging area for robotic or man missions to the lunar surface is absurd". Aldrin also questioned the do good of the thought to "send a coiffure to an intermediate betoken in space, pick up a lander there and go downward". On the other hand, Aldrin expressed support for Robert Zubrin's Moon Straight concept which involves lunar landers traveling from Earth orbit to the lunar surface and dorsum.[84]

Pei Zhaoyu, deputy director of the Lunar Exploration and Space Program Middle of the Cathay National Space Administration (CNSA), ended that, from a cost-benefit standpoint, the Gateway would have "low cost-effectiveness".[85] Pei said the Chinese program is to focus on a national research station on the surface.[86] In July 2019, Pei announced that China was holding discussions with Russian federation and the ESA on international co-operation[87] and in August 2020 unveiled China's concept; the International Lunar Enquiry Station (ILRS)[88] with co-functioning from Russia and tentative agreement from ESA.

Mars advancement and Mars Society founder Robert Zubrin called the Gateway "NASA's worst plan yet" in an article in the National Review. He said, "Nosotros practice not need a lunar-orbiting station to go to the Moon. We exercise not need such a station to go to Mars. We practice non need it to get to near-Earth asteroids. We do not need it to get anywhere. Nor can we accomplish anything in such a station that nosotros cannot do in the Globe-orbiting International Infinite Station, except to expose human subjects to irradiation – a form of medical research for which a number of Nazi doctors were hanged at Nuremberg". Zubrin also stated, "If the goal is to build a Moon base, it should be built on the surface of the Moon. That is where the scientific discipline is, that is where the shielding textile is, and that is where the resources to make propellant and other useful things are to be establish".[89]

Retired aerospace engineer Gerald Blackness stated that the Gateway is "useless for supporting human return to the lunar surface and a lunar base". He added that it was not planned to be used as a rocket fuel depot and that stopping at the Gateway on the way to or from the Moon would serve no useful purpose and cost propellant.[90]

Mark Whittington, who is a contributor to The Hill paper and an author of several infinite exploration studies, stated in an commodity that the "lunar orbit project doesn't help u.s.a. get back to the Moon". Whittington likewise pointed out that a lunar orbiting space station was not utilized during the Apollo program and that a "reusable lunar lander could be refueled from a depot on the lunar surface and left in a parking orbit between missions without the need for a big, complex infinite station".[91]

Astrophysicist Ethan Siegel wrote an article in Forbes titled "NASA's Thought For A Space Station In Lunar Orbit Takes Humanity Nowhere". Siegel stated that "Orbiting the Moon represents barely incremental progress; the only scientific "advantages" to existence in lunar orbit as opposed to low Globe orbit are twofold: one. Y'all're outside of the Van Allen belts. 2. Yous're closer to the lunar surface", reducing the time delay. His concluding opinion was that the Gateway is "a nifty way to spend a great deal of money, advancing science and humanity in no appreciable way".[92]

Ambiguous [edit]

On 10 December 2018, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said at a presentation "There are people who say we need to get there, and we demand to go there tomorrow", speaking of a crewed mission to the Moon, countering with "What we're doing here at NASA is following Space Policy Directive i", speaking of the Gateway and following up with "I would argue that we got there in 1969. That race is over, and we won. The time now is to build a sustainable, reusable architecture. [...] The adjacent fourth dimension we go to the moon, we're going to have American boots on the moon with the American flag on their shoulders, and they're going to be standing side-past-side with our international partners who have never been to the moon before".[93]

Positive [edit]

Dan Hartman, the program manager for Gateway, on 30 March 2020, told Ars Technica that the benefits of using Gateway are extending the mission duration, buying downward risk, providing research capability and the capability to re-employ rising modules. "When you go single, I'll say direct mission to the Moon, you're limited on the supplies, either with the Lander or with Orion. With the Gateway, with just with one logistics module, we recollect we can extend to nigh twice the mission duration, so thirty days to 60 days. Obviously, the more coiffure time you have in lunar orbit helps u.s.a. with inquiry in the human aspects of living in deep space. The more duration we have, certainly that'll help united states of america buy downwardly meaning hazard with the farthermost environments that we're going to be subjecting our crews to. Because we've got to go effigy out how to operate in deep space. Obviously nosotros'll demonstrate new hardware and offering that sustainable flexible path for our Lunar Lander system. With the Gateway, the thinking is we'll exist able to reuse the ascent modules potentially multiple times. And again, if nosotros tin go mission duration beyond the xxx days, it's going to offering us some additional ecology capabilities. We think it's a tremendous hazard buy down nugget, non only to explore the Moon sustainably, but to prove out some things that we need to do to get to Mars".[94]

Run across also [edit]

  • CAPSTONE (spacecraft) – NASA satellite to test the Lunar Gateway orbit
  • Commercial Resupply Services – Serial of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008-present for delivery of cargo and supplies to the ISS
  • Exploration Gateway Platform – Original station design concept of the Lunar Gateway
  • Lunar Orbital Station – Proposed Russian space station on Moon orbit
  • Moonbase – Long-term human settlement on the Moon
  • Lunar cycler
  • Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex – Proposed Russian space station
  • Project Prometheus – NASA nuclear electric propulsion project 2003-2006

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External links [edit]

  • Deep Space Gateway to Open Opportunities for Distant Destinations - NASA Moon to Mars
  • Get-go human outpost nigh the Moon – RussianSpaceWeb folio about the Gateway
  • History of the Gateway planning

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Gateway

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